Drag any field to the Filters card to decide which rows Tableau uses. The field doesn't need to be in the view.
For a dimension, the filter dialog lists every value. Tick the ones to keep, use All and None to change many at once, or tick Exclude to remove the ticked values instead. The Top tab keeps the top or bottom N members by a measure, and it updates by itself when the data changes.
For a date, Tableau first asks how to filter: by Years, Months, a Range of dates, and so on.
For a measure, Tableau asks for an aggregation first. Sum filters the total of each mark, after the rows are added up. All values filters single order lines before anything is added up. Then you set a range, At least or At most.
Filtered rows disappear from every number in the view, totals and percentages included.